readerwriterqueue.h

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// ©2013-2016 Cameron Desrochers.
// Distributed under the simplified BSD license (see the license file that
// should have come with this header).
 
#pragma once
 
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>  // For malloc/free/abort & size_t
#include <new>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include "atomicops.h"
#if __cplusplus > 199711L || _MSC_VER >= 1700  // C++11 or VS2012
#include <chrono>
#endif
 
// A lock-free queue for a single-consumer, single-producer architecture.
// The queue is also wait-free in the common path (except if more memory
// needs to be allocated, in which case malloc is called).
// Allocates memory sparingly (O(lg(n) times, amortized), and only once if
// the original maximum size estimate is never exceeded.
// Tested on x86/x64 processors, but semantics should be correct for all
// architectures (given the right implementations in atomicops.h), provided
// that aligned integer and pointer accesses are naturally atomic.
// Note that there should only be one consumer thread and producer thread;
// Switching roles of the threads, or using multiple consecutive threads for
// one role, is not safe unless properly synchronized.
// Using the queue exclusively from one thread is fine, though a bit silly.
 
#ifndef MOODYCAMEL_CACHE_LINE_SIZE
#define MOODYCAMEL_CACHE_LINE_SIZE 64
#endif
 
#ifndef MOODYCAMEL_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED
#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CPPUNWIND)) ||   \
    (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
    (!defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__GNUC__))
#define MOODYCAMEL_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED
#endif
#endif
 
#ifdef AE_VCPP
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning( \
    disable : 4324)  // structure was padded due to __declspec(align())
#pragma warning(disable : 4820)  // padding was added
#pragma warning(disable : 4127)  // conditional expression is constant
#endif
 
namespace moodycamel {
 
template <typename T, size_t MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 512>
class ReaderWriterQueue {
  // Design: Based on a queue-of-queues. The low-level queues are just
  // circular buffers with front and tail indices indicating where the
  // next element to dequeue is and where the next element can be enqueued,
  // respectively. Each low-level queue is called a "block". Each block
  // wastes exactly one element's worth of space to keep the design simple
  // (if front == tail then the queue is empty, and can't be full).
  // The high-level queue is a circular linked list of blocks; again there
  // is a front and tail, but this time they are pointers to the blocks.
  // The front block is where the next element to be dequeued is, provided
  // the block is not empty. The back block is where elements are to be
  // enqueued, provided the block is not full.
  // The producer thread owns all the tail indices/pointers. The consumer
  // thread owns all the front indices/pointers. Both threads read each
  // other's variables, but only the owning thread updates them. E.g. After
  // the consumer reads the producer's tail, the tail may change before the
  // consumer is done dequeuing an object, but the consumer knows the tail
  // will never go backwards, only forwards.
  // If there is no room to enqueue an object, an additional block (of
  // equal size to the last block) is added. Blocks are never removed.
 
 public:
  // Constructs a queue that can hold maxSize elements without further
  // allocations. If more than MAX_BLOCK_SIZE elements are requested,
  // then several blocks of MAX_BLOCK_SIZE each are reserved (including
  // at least one extra buffer block).
  explicit ReaderWriterQueue(size_t maxSize = 15)
#ifndef NDEBUG
      : enqueuing(false),
        dequeuing(false)
#endif
  {
    assert(maxSize > 0);
    assert(MAX_BLOCK_SIZE == ceilToPow2(MAX_BLOCK_SIZE) &&
           "MAX_BLOCK_SIZE must be a power of 2");
    assert(MAX_BLOCK_SIZE >= 2 && "MAX_BLOCK_SIZE must be at least 2");
 
    Block* firstBlock = nullptr;
 
    largestBlockSize = ceilToPow2(
        maxSize +
        1);  // We need a spare slot to fit maxSize elements in the block
    if (largestBlockSize > MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 2) {
      // We need a spare block in case the producer is writing to a different
      // block the consumer is reading from, and wants to enqueue the maximum
      // number of elements. We also need a spare element in each block to avoid
      // the ambiguity between front == tail meaning "empty" and "full". So the
      // effective number of slots that are guaranteed to be usable at any time
      // is the block size - 1 times the number of blocks - 1. Solving for
      // maxSize and applying a ceiling to the division gives us (after
      // simplifying):
      size_t initialBlockCount =
          (maxSize + MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 2 - 3) / (MAX_BLOCK_SIZE - 1);
      largestBlockSize = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE;
      Block* lastBlock = nullptr;
      for (size_t i = 0; i != initialBlockCount; ++i) {
        auto block = make_block(largestBlockSize);
        if (block == nullptr) {
#ifdef MOODYCAMEL_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED
          throw std::bad_alloc();
#else
          abort();
#endif
        }
        if (firstBlock == nullptr) {
          firstBlock = block;
        } else {
          lastBlock->next = block;
        }
        lastBlock = block;
        block->next = firstBlock;
      }
    } else {
      firstBlock = make_block(largestBlockSize);
      if (firstBlock == nullptr) {
#ifdef MOODYCAMEL_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED
        throw std::bad_alloc();
#else
        abort();
#endif
      }
      firstBlock->next = firstBlock;
    }
    frontBlock = firstBlock;
    tailBlock = firstBlock;
 
    // Make sure the reader/writer threads will have the initialized memory
    // setup above:
    fence(memory_order_sync);
  }
 
  // Note: The queue should not be accessed concurrently while it's
  // being deleted. It's up to the user to synchronize this.
  ~ReaderWriterQueue() {
    // Make sure we get the latest version of all variables from other CPUs:
    fence(memory_order_sync);
 
    // Destroy any remaining objects in queue and free memory
    Block* frontBlock_ = frontBlock;
    Block* block = frontBlock_;
    do {
      Block* nextBlock = block->next;
      size_t blockFront = block->front;
      size_t blockTail = block->tail;
 
      for (size_t i = blockFront; i != blockTail;
           i = (i + 1) & block->sizeMask) {
        auto element = reinterpret_cast<T*>(block->data + i * sizeof(T));
        element->~T();
        (void)element;
      }
 
      auto rawBlock = block->rawThis;
      block->~Block();
      std::free(rawBlock);
      block = nextBlock;
    } while (block != frontBlock_);
  }
 
  // Enqueues a copy of element if there is room in the queue.
  // Returns true if the element was enqueued, false otherwise.
  // Does not allocate memory.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool try_enqueue(T const& element) {
    return inner_enqueue<CannotAlloc>(element);
  }
 
  // Enqueues a moved copy of element if there is room in the queue.
  // Returns true if the element was enqueued, false otherwise.
  // Does not allocate memory.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool try_enqueue(T&& element) {
    return inner_enqueue<CannotAlloc>(std::forward<T>(element));
  }
 
  // Enqueues a copy of element on the queue.
  // Allocates an additional block of memory if needed.
  // Only fails (returns false) if memory allocation fails.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool enqueue(T const& element) {
    return inner_enqueue<CanAlloc>(element);
  }
 
  // Enqueues a moved copy of element on the queue.
  // Allocates an additional block of memory if needed.
  // Only fails (returns false) if memory allocation fails.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool enqueue(T&& element) {
    return inner_enqueue<CanAlloc>(std::forward<T>(element));
  }
 
  // Attempts to dequeue an element; if the queue is empty,
  // returns false instead. If the queue has at least one element,
  // moves front to result using operator=, then returns true.
  template <typename U>
  bool try_dequeue(U& result) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    ReentrantGuard guard(this->dequeuing);
#endif
 
    // High-level pseudocode:
    // Remember where the tail block is
    // If the front block has an element in it, dequeue it
    // Else
    //     If front block was the tail block when we entered the function,
    //     return false Else advance to next block and dequeue the item there
 
    // Note that we have to use the value of the tail block from before we check
    // if the front block is full or not, in case the front block is empty and
    // then, before we check if the tail block is at the front block or not, the
    // producer fills up the front block *and moves on*, which would make us
    // skip a filled block. Seems unlikely, but was consistently reproducible in
    // practice. In order to avoid overhead in the common case, though, we do a
    // double-checked pattern where we have the fast path if the front block is
    // not empty, then read the tail block, then re-read the front block and
    // check if it's not empty again, then check if the tail block has advanced.
 
    Block* frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
    size_t blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail;
    size_t blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
 
    if (blockFront != blockTail ||
        blockFront != (frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load())) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
    non_empty_front_block:
      // Front block not empty, dequeue from here
      auto element =
          reinterpret_cast<T*>(frontBlock_->data + blockFront * sizeof(T));
      result = std::move(*element);
      element->~T();
 
      blockFront = (blockFront + 1) & frontBlock_->sizeMask;
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      frontBlock_->front = blockFront;
    } else if (frontBlock_ != tailBlock.load()) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
      blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load();
      blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      if (blockFront != blockTail) {
        // Oh look, the front block isn't empty after all
        goto non_empty_front_block;
      }
 
      // Front block is empty but there's another block ahead, advance to it
      Block* nextBlock = frontBlock_->next;
      // Don't need an acquire fence here since next can only ever be set on the
      // tailBlock, and we're not the tailBlock, and we did an acquire earlier
      // after reading tailBlock which ensures next is up-to-date on this CPU in
      // case we recently were at tailBlock.
 
      size_t nextBlockFront = nextBlock->front.load();
      size_t nextBlockTail = nextBlock->localTail = nextBlock->tail.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      // Since the tailBlock is only ever advanced after being written to,
      // we know there's for sure an element to dequeue on it
      assert(nextBlockFront != nextBlockTail);
      AE_UNUSED(nextBlockTail);
 
      // We're done with this block, let the producer use it if it needs
      fence(memory_order_release);  // Expose possibly pending changes to
                                    // frontBlock->front from last dequeue
      frontBlock = frontBlock_ = nextBlock;
 
      compiler_fence(memory_order_release);  // Not strictly needed
 
      auto element =
          reinterpret_cast<T*>(frontBlock_->data + nextBlockFront * sizeof(T));
 
      result = std::move(*element);
      element->~T();
 
      nextBlockFront = (nextBlockFront + 1) & frontBlock_->sizeMask;
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      frontBlock_->front = nextBlockFront;
    } else {
      // No elements in current block and no other block to advance to
      return false;
    }
 
    return true;
  }
 
  // Returns a pointer to the front element in the queue (the one that
  // would be removed next by a call to `try_dequeue` or `pop`). If the
  // queue appears empty at the time the method is called, nullptr is
  // returned instead.
  // Must be called only from the consumer thread.
  T* peek() {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    ReentrantGuard guard(this->dequeuing);
#endif
    // See try_dequeue() for reasoning
 
    Block* frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
    size_t blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail;
    size_t blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
 
    if (blockFront != blockTail ||
        blockFront != (frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load())) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
    non_empty_front_block:
      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(frontBlock_->data + blockFront * sizeof(T));
    } else if (frontBlock_ != tailBlock.load()) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
      frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
      blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load();
      blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      if (blockFront != blockTail) {
        goto non_empty_front_block;
      }
 
      Block* nextBlock = frontBlock_->next;
 
      size_t nextBlockFront = nextBlock->front.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      assert(nextBlockFront != nextBlock->tail.load());
      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(nextBlock->data + nextBlockFront * sizeof(T));
    }
 
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  // Removes the front element from the queue, if any, without returning it.
  // Returns true on success, or false if the queue appeared empty at the time
  // `pop` was called.
  bool pop() {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    ReentrantGuard guard(this->dequeuing);
#endif
    // See try_dequeue() for reasoning
 
    Block* frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
    size_t blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail;
    size_t blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
 
    if (blockFront != blockTail ||
        blockFront != (frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load())) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
    non_empty_front_block:
      auto element =
          reinterpret_cast<T*>(frontBlock_->data + blockFront * sizeof(T));
      element->~T();
 
      blockFront = (blockFront + 1) & frontBlock_->sizeMask;
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      frontBlock_->front = blockFront;
    } else if (frontBlock_ != tailBlock.load()) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
      frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
      blockTail = frontBlock_->localTail = frontBlock_->tail.load();
      blockFront = frontBlock_->front.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      if (blockFront != blockTail) {
        goto non_empty_front_block;
      }
 
      // Front block is empty but there's another block ahead, advance to it
      Block* nextBlock = frontBlock_->next;
 
      size_t nextBlockFront = nextBlock->front.load();
      size_t nextBlockTail = nextBlock->localTail = nextBlock->tail.load();
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
      assert(nextBlockFront != nextBlockTail);
      AE_UNUSED(nextBlockTail);
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      frontBlock = frontBlock_ = nextBlock;
 
      compiler_fence(memory_order_release);
 
      auto element =
          reinterpret_cast<T*>(frontBlock_->data + nextBlockFront * sizeof(T));
      element->~T();
 
      nextBlockFront = (nextBlockFront + 1) & frontBlock_->sizeMask;
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      frontBlock_->front = nextBlockFront;
    } else {
      // No elements in current block and no other block to advance to
      return false;
    }
 
    return true;
  }
 
  // Returns the approximate number of items currently in the queue.
  // Safe to call from both the producer and consumer threads.
  inline size_t size_approx() const {
    size_t result = 0;
    Block* frontBlock_ = frontBlock.load();
    Block* block = frontBlock_;
    do {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
      size_t blockFront = block->front.load();
      size_t blockTail = block->tail.load();
      result += (blockTail - blockFront) & block->sizeMask;
      block = block->next.load();
    } while (block != frontBlock_);
    return result;
  }
 
 private:
  enum AllocationMode { CanAlloc, CannotAlloc };
 
  template <AllocationMode canAlloc, typename U>
  bool inner_enqueue(U&& element) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    ReentrantGuard guard(this->enqueuing);
#endif
 
    // High-level pseudocode (assuming we're allowed to alloc a new block):
    // If room in tail block, add to tail
    // Else check next block
    //     If next block is not the head block, enqueue on next block
    //     Else create a new block and enqueue there
    //     Advance tail to the block we just enqueued to
 
    Block* tailBlock_ = tailBlock.load();
    size_t blockFront = tailBlock_->localFront;
    size_t blockTail = tailBlock_->tail.load();
 
    size_t nextBlockTail = (blockTail + 1) & tailBlock_->sizeMask;
    if (nextBlockTail != blockFront ||
        nextBlockTail != (tailBlock_->localFront = tailBlock_->front.load())) {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
      // This block has room for at least one more element
      char* location = tailBlock_->data + blockTail * sizeof(T);
      new (location) T(std::forward<U>(element));
 
      fence(memory_order_release);
      tailBlock_->tail = nextBlockTail;
    } else {
      fence(memory_order_acquire);
      if (tailBlock_->next.load() != frontBlock) {
        // Note that the reason we can't advance to the frontBlock and start
        // adding new entries there is because if we did, then dequeue would
        // stay in that block, eventually reading the new values, instead of
        // advancing to the next full block (whose values were enqueued first
        // and so should be consumed first).
 
        fence(memory_order_acquire);  // Ensure we get latest writes if we got
                                      // the latest frontBlock
 
        // tailBlock is full, but there's a free block ahead, use it
        Block* tailBlockNext = tailBlock_->next.load();
        size_t nextBlockFront = tailBlockNext->localFront =
            tailBlockNext->front.load();
        nextBlockTail = tailBlockNext->tail.load();
        fence(memory_order_acquire);
 
        // This block must be empty since it's not the head block and we
        // go through the blocks in a circle
        assert(nextBlockFront == nextBlockTail);
        tailBlockNext->localFront = nextBlockFront;
 
        char* location = tailBlockNext->data + nextBlockTail * sizeof(T);
        new (location) T(std::forward<U>(element));
 
        tailBlockNext->tail = (nextBlockTail + 1) & tailBlockNext->sizeMask;
 
        fence(memory_order_release);
        tailBlock = tailBlockNext;
      } else if (canAlloc == CanAlloc) {
        // tailBlock is full and there's no free block ahead; create a new block
        auto newBlockSize = largestBlockSize >= MAX_BLOCK_SIZE
                                ? largestBlockSize
                                : largestBlockSize * 2;
        auto newBlock = make_block(newBlockSize);
        if (newBlock == nullptr) {
          // Could not allocate a block!
          return false;
        }
        largestBlockSize = newBlockSize;
 
        new (newBlock->data) T(std::forward<U>(element));
 
        assert(newBlock->front == 0);
        newBlock->tail = newBlock->localTail = 1;
 
        newBlock->next = tailBlock_->next.load();
        tailBlock_->next = newBlock;
 
        // Might be possible for the dequeue thread to see the new
        // tailBlock->next *without* seeing the new tailBlock value, but this is
        // OK since it can't advance to the next block until tailBlock is set
        // anyway (because the only case where it could try to read the next is
        // if it's already at the tailBlock, and it won't advance past tailBlock
        // in any circumstance).
 
        fence(memory_order_release);
        tailBlock = newBlock;
      } else if (canAlloc == CannotAlloc) {
        // Would have had to allocate a new block to enqueue, but not allowed
        return false;
      } else {
        assert(false && "Should be unreachable code");
        return false;
      }
    }
 
    return true;
  }
 
  // Disable copying
  ReaderWriterQueue(ReaderWriterQueue const&) {}
 
  // Disable assignment
  ReaderWriterQueue& operator=(ReaderWriterQueue const&) {}
 
  AE_FORCEINLINE static size_t ceilToPow2(size_t x) {
    // From http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#RoundUpPowerOf2
    --x;
    x |= x >> 1;
    x |= x >> 2;
    x |= x >> 4;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < sizeof(size_t); i <<= 1) {
      x |= x >> (i << 3);
    }
    ++x;
    return x;
  }
 
  template <typename U>
  static AE_FORCEINLINE char* align_for(char* ptr) {
    const std::size_t alignment = std::alignment_of<U>::value;
    return ptr +
           (alignment - (reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) % alignment)) %
               alignment;
  }
 
 private:
#ifndef NDEBUG
  struct ReentrantGuard {
    ReentrantGuard(bool& _inSection) : inSection(_inSection) {
      assert(!inSection &&
             "ReaderWriterQueue does not support enqueuing or dequeuing "
             "elements from other elements' ctors and dtors");
      inSection = true;
    }
 
    ~ReentrantGuard() { inSection = false; }
 
   private:
    ReentrantGuard& operator=(ReentrantGuard const&);
 
   private:
    bool& inSection;
  };
#endif
 
  struct Block {
    // Avoid false-sharing by putting highly contended variables on their own
    // cache lines
    weak_atomic<size_t> front;  // (Atomic) Elements are read from here
    size_t
        localTail;  // An uncontended shadow copy of tail, owned by the consumer
 
    char cachelineFiller0[MOODYCAMEL_CACHE_LINE_SIZE -
                          sizeof(weak_atomic<size_t>) - sizeof(size_t)];
    weak_atomic<size_t> tail;  // (Atomic) Elements are enqueued here
    size_t localFront;
 
    char cachelineFiller1[MOODYCAMEL_CACHE_LINE_SIZE -
                          sizeof(weak_atomic<size_t>) -
                          sizeof(size_t)];  // next isn't very contended, but we
                                            // don't want it on the same cache
                                            // line as tail (which is)
    weak_atomic<Block*> next;               // (Atomic)
 
    char* data;  // Contents (on heap) are aligned to T's alignment
 
    const size_t sizeMask;
 
    // size must be a power of two (and greater than 0)
    Block(size_t const& _size, char* _rawThis, char* _data)
        : front(0),
          localTail(0),
          tail(0),
          localFront(0),
          next(nullptr),
          data(_data),
          sizeMask(_size - 1),
          rawThis(_rawThis) {}
 
   private:
    // C4512 - Assignment operator could not be generated
    Block& operator=(Block const&);
 
   public:
    char* rawThis;
  };
 
  static Block* make_block(size_t capacity) {
    // Allocate enough memory for the block itself, as well as all the elements
    // it will contain
    auto size = sizeof(Block) + std::alignment_of<Block>::value - 1;
    size += sizeof(T) * capacity + std::alignment_of<T>::value - 1;
    auto newBlockRaw = static_cast<char*>(std::malloc(size));
    if (newBlockRaw == nullptr) {
      return nullptr;
    }
 
    auto newBlockAligned = align_for<Block>(newBlockRaw);
    auto newBlockData = align_for<T>(newBlockAligned + sizeof(Block));
    return new (newBlockAligned) Block(capacity, newBlockRaw, newBlockData);
  }
 
 private:
  weak_atomic<Block*>
      frontBlock;  // (Atomic) Elements are enqueued to this block
 
  char
      cachelineFiller[MOODYCAMEL_CACHE_LINE_SIZE - sizeof(weak_atomic<Block*>)];
  weak_atomic<Block*>
      tailBlock;  // (Atomic) Elements are dequeued from this block
 
  size_t largestBlockSize;
 
#ifndef NDEBUG
  bool enqueuing;
  bool dequeuing;
#endif
};
 
// Like ReaderWriterQueue, but also providees blocking operations
template <typename T, size_t MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 512>
class BlockingReaderWriterQueue {
 private:
  typedef ::moodycamel::ReaderWriterQueue<T, MAX_BLOCK_SIZE> ReaderWriterQueue;
 
 public:
  explicit BlockingReaderWriterQueue(size_t maxSize = 15) : inner(maxSize) {}
 
  // Enqueues a copy of element if there is room in the queue.
  // Returns true if the element was enqueued, false otherwise.
  // Does not allocate memory.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool try_enqueue(T const& element) {
    if (inner.try_enqueue(element)) {
      sema.signal();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Enqueues a moved copy of element if there is room in the queue.
  // Returns true if the element was enqueued, false otherwise.
  // Does not allocate memory.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool try_enqueue(T&& element) {
    if (inner.try_enqueue(std::forward<T>(element))) {
      sema.signal();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Enqueues a copy of element on the queue.
  // Allocates an additional block of memory if needed.
  // Only fails (returns false) if memory allocation fails.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool enqueue(T const& element) {
    if (inner.enqueue(element)) {
      sema.signal();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Enqueues a moved copy of element on the queue.
  // Allocates an additional block of memory if needed.
  // Only fails (returns false) if memory allocation fails.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool enqueue(T&& element) {
    if (inner.enqueue(std::forward<T>(element))) {
      sema.signal();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Attempts to dequeue an element; if the queue is empty,
  // returns false instead. If the queue has at least one element,
  // moves front to result using operator=, then returns true.
  template <typename U>
  bool try_dequeue(U& result) {
    if (sema.tryWait()) {
      bool success = inner.try_dequeue(result);
      assert(success);
      AE_UNUSED(success);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Attempts to dequeue an element; if the queue is empty,
  // waits until an element is available, then dequeues it.
  template <typename U>
  void wait_dequeue(U& result) {
    sema.wait();
    bool success = inner.try_dequeue(result);
    AE_UNUSED(result);
    assert(success);
    AE_UNUSED(success);
  }
 
  // Attempts to dequeue an element; if the queue is empty,
  // waits until an element is available up to the specified timeout,
  // then dequeues it and returns true, or returns false if the timeout
  // expires before an element can be dequeued.
  // Using a negative timeout indicates an indefinite timeout,
  // and is thus functionally equivalent to calling wait_dequeue.
  template <typename U>
  bool wait_dequeue_timed(U& result, std::int64_t timeout_usecs) {
    if (!sema.wait(timeout_usecs)) {
      return false;
    }
    bool success = inner.try_dequeue(result);
    AE_UNUSED(result);
    assert(success);
    AE_UNUSED(success);
    return true;
  }
 
#if __cplusplus > 199711L || _MSC_VER >= 1700
  // Attempts to dequeue an element; if the queue is empty,
  // waits until an element is available up to the specified timeout,
  // then dequeues it and returns true, or returns false if the timeout
  // expires before an element can be dequeued.
  // Using a negative timeout indicates an indefinite timeout,
  // and is thus functionally equivalent to calling wait_dequeue.
  template <typename U, typename Rep, typename Period>
  inline bool wait_dequeue_timed(
      U& result, std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> const& timeout) {
    return wait_dequeue_timed(
        result,
        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(timeout).count());
  }
#endif
 
  // Returns a pointer to the front element in the queue (the one that
  // would be removed next by a call to `try_dequeue` or `pop`). If the
  // queue appears empty at the time the method is called, nullptr is
  // returned instead.
  // Must be called only from the consumer thread.
  AE_FORCEINLINE T* peek() { return inner.peek(); }
 
  // Removes the front element from the queue, if any, without returning it.
  // Returns true on success, or false if the queue appeared empty at the time
  // `pop` was called.
  AE_FORCEINLINE bool pop() {
    if (sema.tryWait()) {
      bool result = inner.pop();
      assert(result);
      AE_UNUSED(result);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  // Returns the approximate number of items currently in the queue.
  // Safe to call from both the producer and consumer threads.
  AE_FORCEINLINE size_t size_approx() const { return sema.availableApprox(); }
 
 private:
  // Disable copying & assignment
  BlockingReaderWriterQueue(ReaderWriterQueue const&) {}
  BlockingReaderWriterQueue& operator=(ReaderWriterQueue const&) {}
 
 private:
  ReaderWriterQueue inner;
  spsc_sema::LightweightSemaphore sema;
};
 
}  // end namespace moodycamel
 
#ifdef AE_VCPP
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif